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Summary
Summary
Philosophy explores the deepest, most fundamental questions of reality--and this accessible and entertaining chronology presents 250 milestones of the most important theories, events, and seminal publications in the field over the last 3,500 years. The brief, engaging entries cover a range of topics and cultures, from the Hindu Vedas and Plato's theory of forms to Ockham's Razor, Pascal's Wager, Hume's A Treatise of Human Nature , existentialism, feminism, Philosophical Zombies, and the Triple Theory of Ethics. Beautifully illustrated and filled with unexpected insights, The Philosophy Book will appeal to a wide spectrum of readers.
Author Notes
Gregory Bassham is professor of philosophy at King's College in Wilkes-Barre, PA, where he specializes in the philosophy of law, critical thinking, and the connections between pop culture and philosophy. He is also coeditor of several successful books, including The Lord of the Rings and Philosophy (Open Court) and The Ultimate Harry Potter and Philosophy (Wiley), and the lead writer of Critical Thinking: A Student's Introduction (5th ed., McGraw-Hill). Bassham earned his PhD at the University of Notre Dame, and his articles and essays on philosophy are featured in numerous periodicals and books. Having taught philosophy for 25 years, he has read virtually every major work of philosophy ever written. Gregory lives in PA.
Reviews (1)
Booklist Review
This volume on philosophy, part of the Sterling Milestones series, presents the topic in an easy-to-digest chronological format. Entries begin with the Vedas, circa 1500 BCE and end with the triple theory of ethics in 2011. All the major players show up in between (Confucius, Plato, Aristotle, Hobbes, Kant). Each entry provides a page describing a theory, a document, or a person along with a related full-page color image. Browsing through the entries sequentially gives the reader a sense of how philosophy developed over time, and an index allows readers to find entries by subject. This book would make an excellent starting point for students and is very browsable for the general reader. Visual appeal, highly readable information, and an excellent price point make this entire series highly recommended for most public libraries.--Vnuk, Rebecca Copyright 2016 Booklist
Table of Contents
Introduction | p. 9 |
c. 1500 BCE The Vedas | p. 12 |
c. 585 BCE Birth of Western Philosophy | p. 14 |
c. 550 BCE The Dao | p. 16 |
c. 540 BCE Reincarnation | p. 18 |
c. 540 BCE Ahimsa | p. 20 |
c. 530 BCE Anthropomorphization | p. 22 |
c. 525 BCE The Four Noble Truths | p. 24 |
c. 525 BCE No-Self (Anatta) | p. 26 |
c. 500 BCE Confucian Ethics | p. 28 |
c. 500 BCE Reciprocity | p. 30 |
c. 500 BCE Change Is Constant | p. 32 |
c. 500 BCE The Book of Job | p. 34 |
c. 470 BCE Change Is Illusory | p. 36 |
c. 460 BCE Mind Organizes Nature | p. 38 |
c. 460 BCE The Paradoxes of Motion | p. 40 |
c. 450 BCE Survival of the Fittest | p. 42 |
c. 450 BCE Protagoras and Relativism | p. 44 |
c. 450 BCE The Sophists | p. 46 |
c. 450 BCE Ladder of Love | p. 48 |
c. 430 BCE Know Thyself | p. 50 |
c. 420 BCE Atoms and the Void | p. 52 |
c. 420 BCE Universal Love | p. 54 |
c. 400 BCE Cynicism | p. 56 |
c. 400 BCE Cyrenaie Hedonism | p. 58 |
c. 400 BCE The Bhagavad Gita | p. 60 |
399 BCE The Trial and Death of Socrates | p. 62 |
c. 399 BCE Socratic Dialogues | p. 64 |
c. 386 BCE Plato Founds the Academy | p. 66 |
c. 380 BCE The World of the Forms | p. 68 |
c. 380 BCE Plato's Republic | p. 70 |
c. 380 BCE Mind-Body Dualism | p. 72 |
c. 367 BCE Aristotle Enrolls in the Academy | p. 74 |
334 BCE Hellenization Begins | p. 76 |
c. 330 BCE The Invention of Logic | p. 78 |
c. 330 BCE The Earth-Centered Universe | p. 80 |
c. 330 BCE Matter and Form | p. 82 |
c. 330 BCE The Four Causes | p. 84 |
c. 330 BCE Nicomachean Ethics | p. 86 |
c. 320 BCE Maybe Life Is a Dream | p. 88 |
c. 300 BCE Ecclesiastes | p. 90 |
c. 300 BCE Epicureanism | p. 92 |
c. 300 BCE Stoicism | p. 94 |
c. 300 BCE Innate Goodness | p. 96 |
155 BCE Carneades on Justice | p. 98 |
c. 55 BCE On the Nature of Things | p. 100 |
51 BCE Universal Moral Law | p. 102 |
c. 30 CE The Christian Era Begins | p. 104 |
c. 65 Buddhism Comes to China | p. 106 |
65 The Death of Seneca | p. 108 |
c. 125 Epictetian Stoicism | p. 110 |
e. 150 Platonism and Christianity | p. 112 |
180 The Philosopher-King | p. 114 |
c. 200 Outlines of Pyrrhonism | p. 116 |
c. 250 Neoplatonism | p. 118 |
c. 285 The Problem of Universals | p. 120 |
386 Augustine's Conversion | p. 122 |
415 Death of Hypatia | p. 124 |
426 The City of God | p. 126 |
c. 460 The Last Great Greek Philosopher | p. 128 |
476 The Dark Ages Begin | p. 130 |
c. 500 The Way of Negation | p. 132 |
c. 520 Origins of Chan/Zen Buddhism | p. 134 |
524 The Consolations of Philosophy | p. 136 |
529 Justinian Closes the Academy | p. 138 |
c. 630 The Rise and Spread of Islam | p. 140 |
c. 700 Huineng and the Platform Sutra | p. 142 |
c. 810 Monism | p. 144 |
c. 840 Islamic Philosophy Begins | p. 146 |
c. 865 Eriugena's Christian Neoplatonism | p. 148 |
c. 1015 Ibn Sina's Islamic Aristotelianism | p. 150 |
1078 The Ontological Argument | p. 152 |
c. 1093 The Incoherence of the Philosophers | p. 154 |
1121 The Birth of Scholasticism | p. 156 |
c. 1130 Aristotelian Revival in the West | p. 158 |
c. 1135 Qualified Dualism | p. 160 |
c. 1180 Revival of Confucianism | p. 162 |
c. 1185 The Commentator | p. 164 |
c. 1190 The Guide for the Perplexed | p. 166 |
c. 1220 Philosophers Join Academia | p. 168 |
c. 1250 The Universal Doctor | p. 170 |
1259 A Franciscan Approach to Philosophy | p. 172 |
c. 1265 The Great Medieval Synthesis | p. 174 |
c. 1265 The Five Ways | p. 176 |
c. 1270 Natural Law | p. 178 |
c. 1300 Attack on the Medieval Synthesis | p. 180 |
c. 1300 Mystical Theology | p. 182 |
c. 1320 Ockham's Razor | p. 184 |
c. 1320 Conceptualism | p. 186 |
1324 The Defender of Peace | p. 188 |
c. 1350 The Renaissance Begins | p. 190 |
1440 The Synthesis of Opposites | p. 192 |
1468 The Recovery of Platonism | p. 194 |
1516 Utopia | p. 196 |
1517 The Reformation Begins | p. 198 |
c. 1520 The Humanist Ideal | p. 200 |
c. 1525 The Silver Age of Scholasticism | p. 202 |
1532 The Prince | p. 204 |
1539 The Rights of Native Peoples | p. 206 |
1543 The Birth of Modern Science | p. 208 |
1580 Revival of Classical Skepticism | p. 210 |
1605 The Advancement of Learning | p. 212 |
1620 The Enlightenment Begins | p. 214 |
1625 On the Law of War and Peace | p. 216 |
1637 The Father of Modem Philosophy | p. 218 |
1641 Meditations on First Philosophy | p. 220 |
1651 Leviathan | p. 222 |
1651 Free Will and Determinism Are Compatible | p. 224 |
1670 Pascal's Wager | p. 226 |
1674 Occasionalism | p. 228 |
1677 Ethics | p. 230 |
1689 Human Rights | p. 232 |
1689 Religious Liberty | p. 234 |
1689 Empiricism | p. 236 |
c. 1700 Preestablished Harmony | p. 238 |
1713 To Be Is to Be Perceived | p. 240 |
1725 The Moral Sense | p. 242 |
1730 Deism | p. 244 |
1736 The Analogy of Religion | p. 246 |
1739 A Treatise of Human Nature | p. 248 |
1739 The Problem of Induction | p. 250 |
1748 An Attack on Miracles | p. 252 |
1748 The Spirit of the Laws | p. 254 |
1751 Morality Is Rooted in Feeling | p. 256 |
1754 America's First Major Philosopher | p. 258 |
1759 Candide | p. 260 |
c. 1760 The Birth of Romanticism | p. 262 |
1762 The Social Contract | p. 264 |
1762 Emile and Natural Education | p. 266 |
1764 The Philosophy of Common Sense | p. 268 |
1770 A Godless, Mechanistic Universe | p. 270 |
1779 Hume's Dialogues | p. 272 |
1781 Critique of Pure Reason | p. 274 |
1785 The Categorical Imperative | p. 276 |
1787 The Federalist | p. 278 |
1789 Utilitarianism | p. 280 |
1790 Critique of Judgment | p. 282 |
1790 Forefather of Conservatism | p. 284 |
1792 A Vindication of the Rights of Woman | p. 286 |
c. 1795 The Beginnings of German Idealism | p. 288 |
1807 The Phenomenology of Spirit | p. 290 |
1819 The Philosophy of Pessimism | p. 292 |
1821 The Real Is the Rational | p. 294 |
1830 Positivism | p. 296 |
1832 Law and Morality Are Separate | p. 298 |
1836 American Transcendentalism | p. 300 |
1841 Idealism Is Turned Upside Down | p. 302 |
1843 Existentialism | p. 304 |
1843 A System of Logic | p. 306 |
1846 Truth Is Subjectivity | p. 308 |
1848 The Communist Manifesto | p. 310 |
1854 Walden | p. 312 |
1859 On Liberty | p. 314 |
1859 Darwin's Origin of Species | p. 316 |
1862 Social Darwinism | p. 318 |
1863 Refined Utilitarianism | p. 320 |
c. 1865 The Rise of British Idealism | p. 322 |
1867 Capital | p. 324 |
1869 The Subjection of Women | p. 326 |
1874 The Methods of Ethics | p. 328 |
1878 Intentionality | p. 330 |
1878 Origins of Pragmatism | p. 332 |
1879 The New Logic | p. 334 |
1882 "God Is Dead" | p. 336 |
1882 Perspectivism | p. 338 |
1887 The Revaluation of Values | p. 340 |
1890 The Principles of Psychology | p. 342 |
1897 "The Will to Believe" | p. 344 |
1900 Phenomenology | p. 346 |
1901 Environmental Preservationism | p. 348 |
1902 The Varieties of Religious Experience | p. 350 |
1903 Ethical Intuitionism | p. 352 |
1903 The Analytic-Continental Split | p. 354 |
1905 The Theory of Definite Descriptions | p. 356 |
1907 Pragmatism | p. 358 |
1907 Vitalism | p. 360 |
1910 Principia Mathematica | p. 362 |
1912 The Problems of Philosophy | p. 364 |
1916 Progressive Education | p. 366 |
1918 Logical Atomism | p. 368 |
1920 Contemplation vs. Enjoyment | p. 370 |
c. 1920 Neo-Thomism | p. 372 |
1921 The Picture Theory of Language | p. 374 |
1923 I and Thou | p. 376 |
1925 Instrumentalism | p. 378 |
1927 Being and Time | p. 380 |
1927 Religion as Wish Fulfillment | p. 382 |
1929 Process Philosophy | p. 384 |
1929 An Idealist View of Life | p. 386 |
1930 Deontological Intuitionism | p. 388 |
1932 Ordinary Language Philosophy | p. 390 |
1934 The Rejection of Metaphysics | p. 392 |
1936 Logical Positivism | p. 394 |
1938 Nausea | p. 396 |
1942 Existential Defiance | p. 398 |
1943 Being and Nothingness | p. 400 |
1944 Emotivism | p. 402 |
1945 The Phenomenology of Perception | p. 404 |
1946 Atheistic Existentialism | p. 406 |
1949 The Ghost in the Machine | p. 408 |
1949 The Second Sex | p. 410 |
1949 Ecocentrism | p. 412 |
1951 "Two Dogmas of Empiricism" | p. 414 |
1952 Prescriptivism | p. 416 |
1953 Philosophical Investigations | p. 418 |
1953 Impossibility of a Private Language | p. 420 |
1954 The New Riddle of Induction | p. 422 |
1957 Intention | p. 424 |
1959 Falsifiability in Science | p. 426 |
1959 Descriptive Metaphysics | p. 428 |
1960 The Indeterminacy of Translation | p. 430 |
1960 Hermeneutics | p. 432 |
1960 Functionalism | p. 434 |
1961 Legal Positivism | p. 436 |
1962 Scientific Revolutions | p. 438 |
1962 Oxford Ordinary Language Philosophy | p. 440 |
1963 The Gettier Problem | p. 442 |
1966 Soul-Making Theodicy | p. 444 |
1967 Deconstruction | p. 446 |
c. 1968 The (Re)birth of Applied Ethics | p. 448 |
1968 Mind-Brain Identity Theory | p. 450 |
1970 Anomalous Monism | p. 452 |
1971 A Theory of Justice | p. 454 |
c.1971 The Rise of Informal Logic | p. 456 |
1974 Political Libertarianism | p. 458 |
1974 "What Is It Like to Be a Bat?" | p. 460 |
1974 Essentialism | p. 462 |
1975 Animal Liberation | p. 464 |
1975 Power/Knowledge | p. 466 |
c. 1976 Emergence of Feminist Philosophy | p. 468 |
1977 Moral Anti-Realism | p. 470 |
1977 Taking Rights Seriously | p. 472 |
1979 The New Pragmatism | p. 474 |
1979 Postmodernism | p. 476 |
1979 Reliabilism | p. 478 |
1980 The Chinese Room | p. 480 |
1980 The Causal Theory of Reference | p. 482 |
1981 The Revival of Virtue Ethics | p. 484 |
1981 Critical Theory | p. 486 |
1982 In a Different Voice | p. 488 |
1984 Revival of Christian Philosophy | p. 490 |
1984 Reasons and Persons | p. 492 |
1984 The Moral Limits of the Criminal Law | p. 494 |
1985 The Peculiar Institution of Morality | p. 496 |
1987 Pragmatic Realism | p. 498 |
1989 Religious Pluralism | p. 500 |
1991 Philosophical Zombies | p. 502 |
2000 The Capability Approach | p. 504 |
2004 The New Atheists | p. 506 |
2006 Cosmopolitanism | p. 508 |
2011 The Triple Theory of Ethics | p. 510 |
Notes and Further Reading | p. 513 |
Image Credits | p. 523 |
Index | p. 524 |