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In the summer of 1940, following France's surrender to Germany, Casablanca was transformed from an exotic travel destination to a key military target. Nazi agents and collaborators soon overran the city looking to capitalize on the new Vichy regime. The resistance was not far behind, as bartenders, shopkeepers, taxi drivers, celebrities, and disgruntled bureaucrats formed a network of Allied spies. Meanwhile, Jewish refugees from Europe flooded the city, hoping to obtain visas to the United States and beyond.In November 1942, Casablanca's wartime fate changed in seventy-four hours, when 33,000 American soldiers stormed the beaches of French Morocco as part of Operation Torch. In Allied hands, Casablanca's port became a crucial logistical hub in British and American plans to return to Europe and defeat Germany.